Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay

Analysis Of Tescos Corporate Social Responsibility Management Essay Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is an important societal issue that also gains momentum in the food retail industry (Tulder et al., 2007). In an approach to analyze the CSR activities, this report presents the CSR activities of Tesco, which is one of the leading retailers. Further this report analyses the market and non market environment, which explains the internal and external alignment as important factors to understand the design and the development of the companies CSR activities and motivations. The CSR business models in the retail industry are inclined towards the management of the supply chains. These models tell the firms what to do or how to do in general, to respond to the challenges and changes in the retail industry, but do not provide sophisticated analytical models to analyze the actual position of the company and delineate the trajectories to change positions. (Tulder et al., 2007) CSR Corporate Social Responsibility is considered to be the future of all organizations in general and the retail industry in specific. However the firms have to be more active on the categorization of CSR activities and on how the consistent implementation in the retail organization and in their distribution channels could be obtained. (Tulder et al., 2007) Tesco plc is worlds third largest, British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain with operations in 14 countries. It is the largest British retailer by both global sales and domestic market share, with profits exceeding  £3 billion, and the third largest global retailer based on revenue, behind Wal-Mart and Carrefour. They cater for all sections of the market, with ranges spanning from premium ranges, as well as specialist ranges such as Organic, Fairtrade and Healthy Living. They are also into Non-food ranges accounted for 21% of Group turnover in 2008 and include electrical goods, books, home-ware, sports equipment, personal finance and clothing. (Tesco, 2009) We understand that our success comes from behaving responsibly and earning the trust of our customers, suppliers and stakeholders. There are many complex issues that we have to face on a daily basis, from reducing our environmental impact to ensuring consistent standards across our markets. (Tesco, 2009). Corporate responsibility represents an entire approach to business and is therefore embodied in Tescos governance framework to ensure that the company operates in a responsible and safe way. In general corporate responsibility is embedded in the following categories:    Tesco CSR Approach Environment Community Supplier and Ethical Trading Customers, choice health People KPIs Tesco CSR Activities The above approach integrates corporate responsibility in Tescos day-to-day business activities by supporting fair trade and taking customers, staff, communities and suppliers into consideration, as well as the environment and society. Education Education is one of the key areas of Tescos activities including a partnership with I CAN, a charity that helps children with speech and language difficulties, or offering scholarships and establishing cultural community centres. A specific programme is the Computers for Schools programme aimed at schools. Tesco provides schools with computers and supports the use of new technologies in different countries (Tesco, 2007). Charity The Tesco Charity Trust was established in 1987 to support national and local communities making grants to charities within the UK (Tesco, 2007). Tesco dedicates 1% of pre-tax profits to good causes and supports charities as well as staff fundraising. In addition the companys supports the Race for Life fundraising event which focuses on cancer research and initiated the Tesco Charity of the Year (Tesco, 2007). Every year Tesco chooses a community charity close to the heart of its staff and customers which becomes the main focus for staff fundraising and receives 20% top-up of the Tesco Charity Trust. For example the charity chosen for 2005 is Age Concern, an initiative concentrating on supporting older people in the UK by providing services such as day care and fulfilling information needs for topics such as care, money and finance, health, disabilities or neighbourhood issues (Tesco, 2007). Environment In terms of environmental protection Tesco has integrated its corporate responsibility in its environmental management including topics such as emissions, resources, waste recycling and the companys products. Among others the issues covered are organic food, animal welfare, green transport and travel and vehicle efficiency. Furthermore Tesco is also concerned with energy efficiency and water consumption as well as its environmental impact in terms of its operations and customers (Tesco, 2007). Wildlife choice for example is an initiative requiring farmers to consider wildlife on their farms. They agree to improve operations and monitor their impact on farmland habitats providing habitats for wildlife such as a farm in the Midlands for example (Tesco, 2007). Tesco works closely with suppliers and farmers to protect wildlife. Tesco Market and Non-Market Environment Analysis In this report an approach to analyze the market and non market environments is done with the help of understanding and using various frame works like An integrated framework (Baron, 1995 2005: 32). Also by understanding the non market environment: The 4Is Systematic Level Organisational Level Individual Level An Analysis a case analyzed by Lets clean up fashion Issue related to living wages Payment of living wages -workers being paid below living wage levels. Tescos focus on primarily on productivity projects. We believe that sustainable improvements to wages are most often delivered through improved productivity, up skilling workers and working to ensure our purchasing practices support our suppliers ability to invest in their workforce. (Tesco, CSR Report 2009) It lists specific wage and wage-related work under the following headings: Ensuring we understand the scale and nature of the issue. Activities: Wage surveys and worker interviews in Bangladesh (Tesco, 2007). Setting clear expectations. Activities: Lobbying government in Bangladesh to improve minimum wages, MFA Forum (Tesco, 2007). Supporting suppliers to improve productivity. Activities: Lengthening lead times, producing seasonal items out of season to help suppliers plan production, rewarding ethical suppliers, expanding in-country ethical experts (Tesco, 2007). Building long-term relationships to enable investment in workers. Activities: Consolidating the supplier base, offering business support to A-list suppliers (Tesco, 2009). Tesco accept that some minimum wage levels are unacceptably low and have conducted a wage survey with a supplier in Bangladesh (lets clean up fashion, 2009). Tescos Plans on Living Wages Its main focus for wages work is to continue with the ETI wages project. This group has experienced some delays over the last year due to its focus on Bangladesh and that countrys political and industrial instability. However, it stated that, useful work has been shared, including by us, in the areas of productivity, efficiency, worker engagement, work flow, and purchasing practices. Following the summer this group will re-convene to decide on how to move forward. Building on this work, we will review further initiatives of our own specifically in Bangladesh on productivity and wage improvements. (Tesco CSR Report, 2009) In an analysis done by the Lets Clean up fashion, Tesco seem to have made little progress towards living wages. Surveys in Bangladesh, showing the training grade for workers being manipulated by suppliers for extended periods of time, informed a small piece of work to improve wages but this merely brought pay packets up to the legal minimum standard and no more. Tescos belief that productivity is the best route to living wages seems to have ousted a number of other options, such as support for freedom of association and a proper examination of pricing. Its focus on up skilling workers as a part of these improvements may be helpful for individual groups but doesnt achieve an across the board rise in wages. It is also unclear how it plans to ensure more skilled and expensive workers are not replaced by new, lower paid, unskilled workers. Furthermore, Tesco makes no mention of any work to ensure worker involvement in any of its projects, which makes us even less convinced that its productivity plans are likely to lead to any real benefit to workers. Tescos work with suppliers on purchasing practices; offering longer lead times, producing out of season, ensuring long-term supplier relationships, and offering business advice could bring about some improvement. Last year it also acknowledged that price needed to be examined, but no progress seems to have been made in this area and no mention was made of plans to move this forward. Lets hope Tescos engagement in the ETI Wages Project over the coming year will see it start to output wage projects of its own, and give serious attention to delivering the living wages expected from a retailer of this size and influence (lets cleanup fashion, 2009). Tescos Position on Relationships with Customers Tesco tries to keep its prices as low as possible than most of the other national superstores. Tesco has an online Price checker, to show its low prices to its customers, through which customers can compare Tescos prices with those of other super markets (CRR, 2006). Price, though, is not the only factor. Value for money, as Tesco describes, includes the quality of the products, the personal service of their staff and the pleasant surroundings in their stores (AR, 1995). Tesco has become big by being like Britain. As Britons became more middle-class, Tesco followed them up market (Econ,2005). Tescos Position on Suppliers The retail sector has a high increasing purchasing power, which can be used to cut prices and put pressure on the suppliers (cf. Fearne et al., 2005). Since Tesco is one of the four major global retailers, It is said that suppliers fear to complain about Tesco as they fear being struck off by the retailer (FT2005; FT2005). Tesco however mentions that it takes a partnership approach while working with suppliers, sharing their knowledge and listening to suppliers feedback, providing technical expertise, advice and insight into customer trends and making regular payment, on time (AR, 2007). Tesco monitors its relations with suppliers through the Supplier Viewpoint Survey. Their target is that 90% of UK suppliers view Tesco as being trustworthy, reliable, consistent, clear, helpful and fair (92% in 2008, 94% in 2007). In 2007 the international suppliers have started taking part in the Supplier Viewpoint Survey (88%) (AR, 2008). Tesco fully supports the legally binding Supplier Code of Pr actice. In March 2005, the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) audit found no breaches of the Supplier Code at Tesco (CRR, 2006) nor in 2006 (CRR, 2007). In 2005 rival companies and industry groups accused Tesco of slowing down the Office of Fair Tradings investigation during its early stages. The OFTs main concerns included claims that the supermarkets were slow to pay suppliers, required them to contribute to marketing costs and insisted on retrospectively changing contracts (FT, 2005). The investigation revealed that over the past five years, the amount owed to creditors by Tesco had risen by 1.5bn pounds, money it had used to help finance its growth (FT, 2005). Motivations and collaborations An attempt to analyze Tescos Motivations and its collaborations is done by using the following theories: Strategy Theory Stakeholder Theory Agency Theory Legitimacy Theory An Analysis Tesco is engaged in number of NGOs and charity organisations. Tesco was engaged with: The Soil Association on extending the organic range The Fairtrade Foundation to promote Fairtrade Fortnight and encourage more customers to choose Fairtrade Diabetes UK on providing information for customers living with diabetes The British Red Cross on responding to disasters and emergencies Marine Conservation Society and Marine Stewardship Council on sustainable seafood sourcing Greenpeace on sustainable sourcing and climate change Friends of the Earth on palm oil, prawn sourcing and GM animal feed; ActionAid and Women on Farms on labour standards in fruit farms in SouthAfrica. (CRR, 2006) Tesco is a corporate partner of Forum for the Future and work together on a broad range of sustainability issues. we held a nationwide Community Conference in partnership with the British Red Cross and the Work Foundation. This brought together voluntary groups, charities, businesses and government to explore the role of business in local communities (CRR, 2008; CRR, 2007). With regards to economic development, the 2005 Make Poverty History campaign identified increased trade as one of three key means of eliminating poverty. Tesco sources products from farms in 15 African countries (CRR, 2006). Tesco actively supports communities trough sponsoring certain activities like the collaboration with Age Concern to raise  £2 million for projects including Fight the Freeze buying blankets and heaters for the elderly; paying for volunteers to regularly call the elderly to stop them feeling isolated, and raising money to pay for meals and provide company for the elderly (CRR, 2006). Tesco aims to give at least 1% of pre-tax profits to charity. In 2007 they succeeded with 1.95% (CRR, 2008) and in 2006 as well with 1.63% of pre-tax profits to charities and good causes (CRR, 2007). Tesco has also supported communities in crisis. In 2007, 250.000 pound was donated to people affected by extreme weather conditions. Tesco is a founder member of the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) and expects all their suppliers to follow the ETI Base Code (CRR, 2006). The ETI Base Code includes among others freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, no use of child labour and no excessive working hours (CRR, 2008) Tesco has with four other global retailers formed the Global Social Compliance Programme to develop a code of practice. The GSCP has agreed a draft Reference Code between the 25 leading retailers and manufacturers currently involved. Next steps involve the development of an audit checklist to ensure the Code is interpreted consistently around the world (CRR, 2008). In 2005 Tesco appointed a Code Compliance Officer to act as a contact point for suppliers in case they have complaints and dont want to discuss these with Tesco buyers (CRR, 2008). Tesco participates in multi-stakeholder groups on corporate responsibility issues like Business in The Community, The Ethical Trading Initiative, the Carbon Roundtable, GM Freeze Roundtable, Forest Stewardship Council Retailers Group, British Retail onsortium Corporate Responsibility Policy Advisory Group and the DEFRA Climate Leaders Group. The Executive Committee, Corporate Responsibility Committee and Compliance Committee are to help guide an d monitor the set policies. Conclusion From the above discussions, it can be concluded that Tesco faces some severe in-coherence in its market and non market environments. On several issues such as environment the company has identified opportunities and taken many interesting (and active) initiatives, whereas in other instances the company behaves rather re-active. This corresponds with the in-coherent nature of its internal alignment strategy. The company is having difficulties with aligning some active intents, expressed through its KPIs with a re-active strategy (Tulder et al., 2007). Major challenge for Tesco, therefore, is how to create coherence through increased coordination and sustain the transition towards a more pro-active approach. References Ethical trading initiative. Downloaded from http://www.cleanupfashion.co.uk/companies/tesco.php. as of 9th March 2010. Tesco CSR 2009 report. Downloaded from http://www.investis.com/plc/cr09/crr09.pdf as of 5th March 2010. Tulder, R. van, M. Bleijenbergh, M. Danse, R. Wiersinga and M. Torppe, (2007) CSR Business Models and change trajectories in the retail industry. Downloaded from http://www.fairtradegemeenten.nl/uploads/news/december%202009/CSR%20business%20models.pdf as of 5th March 2010. Tesco News Article 6 (2007). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.com/talkingtesco/news/?page=article6 as of 6th March 2010. Tesco regulatory news part 2 (2008). Downloaded from http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573XHYPERLINK http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rnsHYPERLINK http://www.tescocorporate.com/plc/ir/rns/rnsitem?id=1214847199nRn2d9573Xt=popup_rnst=popup_rns as of 9th march 2010. Advfn final news (2008). Downloaded from http://www.advfn.com/news_Final-Results_27119452.html as of 7th March 2010. Tesco reports (2008). Downloaded from http://www.investegate.co.uk/Article.aspx?id=200806301833069573X as of 7th march 2010. Tesco News from Interceder (2010). Downloaded from http://interceder.net/news/Tesco as of 7th March 2010. Tesco CR Strategy (2010). Downloaded from http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/cr_strategy/ as of 7th March 2010. Tesco news (2010). Downloaded from http://www.freebase.com/view/en/tesco as of 7th March 2010. Tesco CSR review (2005). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.com/csr/e/e4_1.html as of 7th March 2010. Tesco community promises (2009). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1PID=35HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1HYPERLINK http://www.tesco.com.my/html/community.aspx?ID=9PID=35LID=1LID=1 as of 7th March 2010. Tesco at a glance (2009). Downloaded from http://www.tescoplc.com/plc/corporate_responsibility_09/approach/tesco_at_a_glance/ as of 7th March 2010. Larry File, cornwall foundation case study: Gingers presentation. Downloaded from http://www.cornwallfoundation.com/ways_to_give/CSRtalk22.1.10.htm as of 7th March 2010. Tesco ethical progress (2008). Downloaded from http://www.tesco.ie/crreview08/ethical-progress5.html as of 7th March 2010. Business and human rights resource centre. Downloaded from http://www.business-humanrights.org/Search/SearchResults?SearchableText=china+footwear as of 7th March 2010. Risks and uncertainities, Tesco CSR report page2 (2009). Downloaded from http://www.tescoplc.com/annualreport09/businessreview/risks_uncertainties/2/ as of 8th March 2010. Tesco news FT (2009). Downloaded from http://www.ft.com/cms/s/10613232-a507-11db-b0ef-0000779e2340,_i_rssPage=80830b5e-3018-11da-ba9f-00000e2511c8.html as of 8th March 2010. Tesco reports. Downloaded from http://www.flex-news-food.com/pages/8283/Tesco/tesco-preliminary-results-20062007.html as of 8th March 2010.

Guiding Procedures for Response to Emergency Situations

GUIDING PROCEDURES TO RESPOND TO EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ON CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS By Maj  ® Muhammad Ijaz Student MS Disaster Management-2012 at NUST (MCE) Introduction Construction projects involve use of heavy machinery, execution of numerous work activities simultaneously. Working environment like in Pakistan where safety culture does not prevail results in increased vulnerability to accidents thus frequent emergency situations on construction projects. The author being a Project Manager on construction projects have experienced number of emergency situation involving loss of life of worker.The Safety Rules requires that the constructor shall establish Emergency Response Procedures for every project, Life Insurance of worker is also mandatory clause of the contract agreement in Pakistan but normally not implemented in letter and sprite. This article will be useful to assist constructors in developing Emergency Response Procedures. Detailed Emergency Plan helps to minimize the human suffering and economic losses that can result from emergencies. It should be understood that the size and complexity of projects, as well as their access and location, have a bearing on the degree of planning necessary for emergencies.It is therefore strongly recommended that the constructor ensure that a member of staff on site assist in developing the emergency response plan. The Planning Process Planning shall begin before any work commences on the project. Although there may be little time between the award of the contract and the start of the project, a good emergency response plan can be generic and, with some minor changes, can be easily adapted to specific sites and readily implemented.This is especially the case where a constructor specializes in similar types of projects. For meaningful Development of Response Plan following considerations should be kept in mind: 1) Identification and assessment of hazard 2) Assessment of resources 3) Mean of communication 4) Implementati on of the plan 5) Basic Principles 6) Sharing the Procedure 7) Post Emergency Consideration Each of these points is explained in the following sections. Identification and assessment of hazardThe process of hazard identification and assessment involves a thorough review that should include, but not be limited to, the following points: †¢ Transportation, materials handling, hoisting, equipment or product installation, temporary structures, material storage, start-up, and commissioning activities †¢ Environmental concerns †¢ Consultation with the client regarding potential hazards when working in or adjacent to operating facilities †¢ Resources such as material safety data sheets (MSDSs) to determine potential hazards from on-site materials. †¢ Proximity to traffic and public ways.Because construction sites are frequently fast-changing, the process of hazard assessment must be ongoing to accommodate the dynamic environment. Once hazards are identified, the nex t task is to assess the potential or risk involved in each. For each hazard identified, ask: †¢ What can go wrong? †¢ What are the consequences? For each potential hazard it is important to identify resources necessary for an appropriate emergency response. For most events in construction, a simple analysis based on the experience of the people involved on the project is likely sufficient.Assessment of resources It is important to identify which resources are available and have contingency plans in place to make up for any deficiencies. The most important resource on most projects will be a provincial rescue system like 1122. It is essential to verify that rescue system is in effect in the area. Most cities of Punjab have a 1122 system in place, but it is important to know the facilities or limitations available in that location. Is a high-reach rescue team available? What is the response time? What must site personnel do in the meantime?Other on-site resources such as fir e extinguishers, spills containment equipment, and first aid kits must be maintained and clearly identified. Construction equipment may be included among potential emergency resources. Personnel, especially on-site medical staff or workers trained in first aid, should be included in the plan. There may be situations where outside resources are so far away that an adequate response is not possible. In these situations, resources may have to be obtained and kept on site. Examples would include fire protection or ambulance/medical resources in remote areas.Whatever the situation may be, people, equipment, facilities, and materials are needed for emergency response. Where they will come from must be determined in advance. Moreover, the people supplying these resources must be made aware of their role in the plan. Mean of communication An important key to effective emergency response is a communications system that can relay accurate information quickly. To do this, reliable communicatio ns equipment must be used, procedures developed, and personnel trained. It is a good idea to have a backup system in place, in case the ystem is rendered useless by the emergency. For example, telephone lines may be cut. The type and location of emergency communication systems must be posted on the project. This will include location of telephones, a list of site personnel with cellular phones or two-way radios, and any other equipment available. Emergency phone numbers and the site address/location should be posted beside all site phones. On large sites, the location of emergency phones must be clearly marked. The poster like Emergency Response can be used to record this and other information.A communication system must be made up of strategically placed equipment and properly defined responsibilities. The emergency response plan posted in a conspicuous place on the project must identify the designated equipment and the people to operate it. Implementation of the plan The task of a dministering and organizing the plan is vital to its effectiveness. The person who has this task will normally be the person in charge of the emergency response operation or may be assigned to Quality Control Manager (QCM).It is their task to ensure that everyone clearly understands their roles and responsibilities within the emergency response plan (a chart may be helpful in this regard), that emergency resources, whether people or equipment, are kept at adequate levels in step with the progress of the project. It is very important to review the emergency plan on a regular basis and especially after an emergency has occurred. Changes may be necessary where deficiencies became apparent as the plan went into operation. Basic Principles An emergency can be reported from any source i. e. orker on site, an outside agency, or the public. Remember that circumstances may change during the course of an emergency. Any procedures you develop must be able to respond to the ongoing situation. T he following list covers basic actions to take in an emergency. These steps apply to almost any emergency and should be followed in sequence. †¢ Stay calm. †¢ Assess the situation. †¢ Take command. †¢ Provide protection. †¢ Aid and manage. †¢ Maintain contacts. †¢ Guide emergency services. Stay calm – Your example can influence others and thereby aid the emergency response.Assess the situation – Determine what happened and what the emergency is. Look at the big picture. What has happened to whom and what will continue to happen if no action is taken? Try to identify the cause that must be controlled to eliminate immediate, ongoing, or further danger. Take command – The most senior person on the scene should take charge and call, or delegate someone to call, emergency services and explain the situation. Assign tasks for controlling the emergency. This action also helps to maintain order and prevent panic.Provide protection †“ Eliminate further losses and safeguard the area. Control the energy source causing the emergency. Protect victims, equipment, materials, environment, and accident scene from continuing damage or further hazards. Divert traffic, suppress fire, prevent objects from falling, shut down equipment or utilities, and take other necessary measures. Preserve the accident scene; only disturb what is essential to maintain life or relieve human suffering and prevent immediate or further losses. Aid and manage – Provide first aid or help those already doing so. Manage personnel at the scene.Organize the workforce for both a headcount and emergency assignments. Direct all workers to a safe location or command post. This makes it easier to identify the missing, control panic, and assign people to emergency duties. Dispatch personnel to guide emergency services on arrival. Maintain contact – Keep emergency services informed of situation. Contact utilities such as SNGPL, SSGPL, Elec tric Supply etc. where required. Alert management and keep them informed. Exercise increasing control over the emergency until immediate hazards are controlled or eliminated and causes can be identified.Guide Emergency Services – Meet services on site. Lead them to emergency scene. Explain ongoing and potential hazards and cause(s), if known. Sharing the Procedure To be effective, an Emergency Response Procedure must be clearly communicated to all site personnel. The following activities should be considered: †¢ Share the procedure with new site subcontractors and new workers to ensure that it covers their activities adequately. †¢ Share the procedure with suppliers to ensure that it covers any hazards that the storage or delivery of their materials might create. Share new work areas in operating plants with owner/client to ensure that new hazards are identified and covered in the procedure. †¢ Share the procedure with the Joint Health and Safety Committee or H ealth and Safety Representative on a regular basis to address new hazards or significant changes in site conditions. †¢ Place the procedure in a conspicuous location. The Emergency Response Procedure for a construction project must continually undergo review and revision to meet changing conditions. Post Emergency ConsiderationThe recovery process, or what happens after the emergency response has been completed, is a critical step in the plan. Many emergency tasks may be handled by people who are not accustomed to dealing with emergencies. People may have seen their work partners and friends badly injured and suffering great pain. Once the emergency is over, the attitude should not be â€Å"Okay, let’s get back to work† or â€Å"Let’s go home. † Some of the people involved may need assistance in order to recover. In some cases professional counselling may be needed.As part of site emergency planning, construction companies should have measures in pla ce to deal with post-traumatic stress. Local hospitals, ambulance services, and medical practitioners may be able to help. Debriefing is necessary to review how well the plan worked in the emergency and to correct any deficiencies that were identified. Debriefing is critical to the success of future emergency response planning. Conclusion Slow response, lack of resources, or the absence of trained personnel will lead to chaos in an emergency.To minimize human suffering and financial losses, all personnel must know their responsibilities under the emergency response plan. Remember – planning for emergencies should include the following points: 1) hazard identification/assessment 2) emergency resources 3) communication systems 4) administration of the plan 5) emergency response procedure 6) communication of the procedure 7) debriefing and post-traumatic stress procedure. The plan should be used to set emergency procedures, implement and communicate the procedures, and ensure th at any required training has been completed.The plan should also be evaluated regularly to ensure that it conforms to current operations and conditions. In any Emergency Response Procedure, the following steps are basic and essential: †¢ Stay calm. †¢ Assess the situation. †¢ Take command. †¢ Provide protection. †¢ Aid and manage. †¢ Maintain contact. †¢ Guide emergency services. Reader must keep in mind that these are generalized guidelines/procedure and not itself an Emergency Response Plan. The plan should be formulated keeping the specific conditions of the project in mind.Though these guideline/procedures are prepared for the professional involved in construction project, however these may serve as useful basis for Emergency Managers working in related sectors like manufacturing plants, quarry sites etc. References Write a manuscript (term-paper) on any article related to disaster response and recovery. Last date of submission is  31 March 2 012. But please must take into an account the following points, while writing the article. –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term-paper is an important part of the academic. –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article must be in the lines of the course/subject parameter, i. . , â€Å"Disaster Response and Recovery† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article must be of 7-10 pages. Please don’t expand it by giving unnecessary discussion, be brief and to the point. –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article must be supported by at least 12 references at the end of the manuscript which should be arranged in alphabetic order, according to the given style;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For Journal Articles; Name of authors, (year), â€Å"Title of the article/paper†, Journal, volume, page, ISSN For Book/Thesis Articles; Name of authors, (year), â€Å"Title of the book/thesis†, (Publishers) For Conference Proceedings;Name of authors, (year with month), â€Å"Title of the article/paper† (Conference theme) For Web-page Articles; (Complete site detail, with date and time) For citation, please follow the given instructions; For one author,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Ali, 2012)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For two authors,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Ali and Usman, 2012)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For three or more,  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (Ali et al. 2012) O  Very important point:  Ã‚  Ã‚   The â€Å"Similarity Index† (plagiarism check) must  not exceed 15%. In case of more than 15% the article will be rejected and ZERO marks will be award for this activity. Good luck, wish you all the best ARSHAD

Uc Personal Insight Question Essay Samples Explained

Uc Personal Insight Question Essay Samples Explained While you would like to tell a compelling story, it is necessary to make sure your essay is pertinent to the essay prompt. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. The essay is intended to be a revealing look within your ideas and feelings. Even though the essays are short, they cover plenty of territory, so you wish to make certain to have strong answers on all four of the prompts you pick. The actual folks highly praise our essay help site. By brainstorming within this way, you are going to have feeling of control about how you present yourself, as opposed to feeling as though you're simply responding to essay test questions. Not only are you going to describe the challenge itself, but you are going to speak about what you did when faced with that. Give yourself time to consider your topics, and carefully think about the rationale behind each question. Ensure that your essay explains everything the reader needs to know to comprehend what you were facing. Our crew of expert writers has excellent understanding of English that's why writing essay is a slice of cake in their opinion. This essay would like to know whether this mindset of out-of-the-box-ness is something you're already comfortable with. Furthermore, you wish to answer every portion of an essay prompt, not just one. What's Actually Happening with Uc Personal Insight Question Essay Samples Stephen's essay is quite effective. The author starts with a rather comprehensive story of an event or description of an individual or place. See that the author of this personal statement chose to use the term damn. Thus, don't be unwilling to reading. Now if you're on the lookout for tips on the best way to answer those questions, keep reading the next. Otherwise, you have to beef up your details. Bear in mind that for some things the explanation may be obvious. When it's no problem, you can simply substitute in the term topic'. Get the Scoop on Uc Personal Insight Question Essay Samples Before You're Too Late Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. Thoughtfully describe not just what you've done, but likewise the choices you have made and what you've gained consequently. Even more than knowing that you had the ability to fix the issue, colleges wish to observe how you approached the scenario. Repeat this process till you are faced with just four questions. Before it is possible to solve an issue, you must understand that the problem exists. Start with describing the issue. If at all possible, share a particular case of the issue, and then background it. Then large school happened. Foothill college rep to provide you with stick out from southern california personal statement help you'll be a great. Our academic experts ready to produce your college life simpler. For instance, you may substantiate your selection of a specific major or your interest in studying with certain faculty on the campus. It will help save you from accidentally humble-bragging your way by means of this assignment. By the conclusion of high school, a number of the experiences that you're most proud of don't have a tendency to be the sort of things that wind up on your resume. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. This illustration can be linked to other elements of your candidacy, like your distinctive volunteer experience in high school. Or it can be far more obliqueif you're disabled, then you might have the ability to provide a perspective that differs from the able-bodied majority. When it is possible to zero in on an experience which makes your heart swell, you are going to be in a position to pinpoint your essential subject. There are a lot of reasons why you need to prefer our services. The examples you provide in your individual statements ought to be interesting, but nevertheless, it will only be interesting if you answering the question that's being asked. Though some events have long-term or even lifetime ramifications, it's usually more advisable to concentrate on recent events since they shed more light on who you are at this time. In case you haven't had experience in the area, look at including experience in the classroom. It's the details that actually make this little experience come alive.

Victim Of Rape - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2669 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In times gone by, the offence of rape was defined as the carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will.1 The offence was initially silent on the issue of mens rea and it was not until DPP v Morgan2 that its inclusion and the effect that this had on mistakes about consent was established. The House of Lords held that a trust in consent, even if irrational, would go against mens rea provided that the trust was honest. Although subject to a measure of criticism, such as that it represented a rapists charter,3 this is still the approach to the offence in the common law jurisdictions. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Victim Of Rape" essay for you Create order Rape requires evidence of the physical essentials of penetration without consent and also the mental aspect that the offender not only intended to penetrate but knew the victim was not consenting or was careless as to whether the victim was consenting.4 carelessness is generally understood subjectively to mean that the offender was conscious that it was probable that the victim was not consenting but continued in any case.5 The requirements of force and lack of will were replaced by the perception of consent in the mid 19th century. The turning point was the case of R v Camplin,6 where a woman was penetrated after being made drunk by the accused. Faced with no indication of force against the victim, the House of Lords decided that there could be rape if the penetration took place without the consent and against the will of the victim. In focusing on consent rather than force it has been argued that the offence does not capture the real nature of rape.7 Feminists have articulated s everal apprehensions about whether the focus on consent sufficiently protects women.8 Firstly, an objectionable consequence of making the consent of the victim the central question has been that criminal trials tend to focus on the conduct and sexual history of the victim rather than on the conduct of the accused.9 A second criticism is that the everyday use of the term consent does not satisfactorily distinguish between cases in which the victim submits out of fear and cases in which she is prepared to engage in sexual intercourse.10 Finally, it has been argued that the theory of consent cannot be determined reasonably while jurors and judges rely on their predictable views about sexual roles in their assessment of consent such as, put bluntly, yes means no; that women fantasize about being raped; or that women could resist if they really wanted to.11 The existing situation where there is no statutory definition of consent to any sexual act which might otherwise be a crime is far from perfect, leading to a lack of lucidity for the complainant, the accused and the Jury. The positive impact of a lucid definition should also be felt outside the courtroom, preventing at least some acts of sexual violence. It would seem best that an alternative expanded and more inclusive definition of consent should have as its primary focus the conduct of the accused rather than that of the complainant, as far as possible, with the aim of avoiding protracted, hostile and thorough cross-examination of the complainant on matters which are often of doubtful bearing to any real issues in the case. Of course, fairness to the accused is a crucial principle. However, no less imperative is the framing of the law to avoid unnecessary distress of survivors of sexual violence by cross examination, as there can be no doubt that fear of such a torment operates to increase the erosion rate. Now it is time to enact a new expanded comprehensive definition of consent which incorporates the benefits and avoids some pitfalls of the definition used in the UK Sexual Offences Act 2003 12. Some legal experts have identified, that the UK definition does not give any guidance as to whether the complainant must communicate consent by words or action 13. However, it appears from the subsequent cases that the most important practical issue has been capacity. The England and Wales legislation does not contain any definition of capacity itself, and its list of situations where there is presumed to be no consent, at sections 75 and 76 of the SOA 2003, does not expressly include the situation where there is no capacity to consent because of self-induced intoxication of the complainant which falls short of unconsciousness. It is fair to say that the UK Government examined this gap in the law in the light of the decision of the Court of Appeal in R v Bree [2007] EWCA 256, in which the Court interpreted the capacity to consent as something which may evaporate well before a compl ainant becomes unconscious, and explained that if, through drink (or for any other reason) the complainant has temporarily lost her capacity to choose whether to have intercourse on the relevant occasion, she is not consentingÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. However, the Court also made clear that the complainant may still retain the capacity to consent (or not) even if she has had quite a lot to drink, which means that essentially each case will turn on its own facts. The UK Government decided not to change the law following this decision. It would seem best, given that this is a situation which arises very often, and which gives rise to misuse, that a broad definition of consent should include provision for the circumstances where the complainants consent is compromised by her voluntary intoxication. After all, the drink driving laws presume that after consumption of a very modest quantity of alcohol, our capacity to control a car safely is seriously affected. Of course, th is would mean that the behavior of the complainant would still be under inquiry. Some guidance as to what ought to be incorporated in such an extended definition will be found at Sections 75 of the UK SOA 2003 (evidential presumptions about consent) and Section 76 ibid. (conclusive presumptions about consent), which taken jointly provide a list of situations in which the deficiency of consent may be assumed, and except for the two rare situations contained in Section 76, further provide that it is open to the accused to bring in sufficient evidence to show that there is an issue as to whether the complainant consented, in relation to the particular state of affairs. This list of situations does NOT cover the situation where the complainants capacity to consent is impaired by self-induced intoxication, but he/she is not asleep or otherwise unconscious 14. Allowing sexual activity does not amount to consent in some situation like when she does not protest and/or offer physica l resistance to the activity or if the activity takes place while she is asleep or is unconscious. Similar situation may occur when she is affected by drugs or alcohol to such an extent that she is in no position to consent or refuse. It is not relevant whether or not she took the drug or alcohol voluntarily or involuntarily. Another condition could be when the person is so affected by a mental or physical condition or impairment that she is in no position to consent or to refuse consent. Similarly, it is not consent to sexual activity if she allows it because she is mistaken about the persons identity or she is mistaken about the nature and quality of the activity. A consent expressed by another person on behalf of the complainant cannot be considered a valid consent or if another person in a position of power, trust or authority incites her to engage in that activity. A complainant cannot express her consent by a lack of agreement to engage in that activity or having first cons ented, she expresses by words or conduct a lack of agreement to continue to engage in such activity. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 and thereafter Demand for change of Law The Government has already made a number of changes to the law on rape and the way the police and Crown Prosecution Service work on these cases. These changes include strengthening the law on rape through the Sexual Offences Act 2003 and developing a network of sexual assault referral centres that provide specialised, dedicated help and support to victims. The pioneer support for a change came from non-government groups and victim and survivor support groups, whilst members of the judiciary and legal profession were less persuaded of the need for change. Moreover, around a third of the respondents who believed that the law should be changed favored a further evidential presumption to cover intoxication by drink and drugs, often citing the recommendation that was made in the report to Home Offices review of the law on sexual offences, Setting the Boundaries, which proposed an evidential presumption that read: Where a person asleep, unconscious or too affected by alcohol or drugs to give free agreement. A number of respondents, particularly victim and survivor organizations, further argued that the law as it currently existed was inherently contradictory on the subject of intoxication. The respondents argued that where intoxication fell short of unconsciousness and was therefore covered by section 75(d) of the Sexual Offences Act 2003, it was both presumed and not presumed to invalidate consent depending on whether the intoxicating substance was administered surreptitiously or consumed voluntarily. It was suggested that the distinction between those intoxicated having had their drink spiked (or been drugged in some other way) and those intoxicated apparently of their own volition was not as clear cut as the legislation allowed for. There were cases in which offenders deliberately facilitated the intoxication of vulnerable victims in order to commit an offence. One example was where an uncle facilitated the intoxication of a younger niece in order to commi t a sexual offence. Even in situations where the offender had not been responsible for inducing intoxication there was a risk that some men can seek to take advantage of the fact that women are drunk and therefore have less capacity to resist pressure or coercion. Consequently, it was argued that the law should be changed so that it made no distinction between voluntary and involuntary intoxication if the ultimate effect was a lack of capacity to consent. The proceedings in the case of R v Dougal 15 were widely cited as an example of the difficulties caused in applying the current law to cases involving voluntary intoxication and as an argument in favour of adopting a change in the legislation. This case collapsed when the prosecuting counsel took the view that the prosecution were unable to prove that the complainant, because of her level of intoxication, had not given consent and informed the judge that he did not propose to proceed further. The judge agreed and directed the ju ry to enter a not guilty verdict. It was argued, that the case should have been proceeded with and the issue of the victims capacity to consent put to the jury. It was argued that a change in the law would allow a similar case to proceed in the future and would provide assistance to the jury in considering the issue of consent. While the relationship between capacity and intoxication was the most prominent issue, responses from police and prosecution representatives and childrens organizations identified other factors that should be taken into account when considering an individuals capacity to consent. These included mental health, domestic violence and the exploitation of victims made vulnerable by their circumstances, for example sex workers. There were differing opinions on whether a change in the law would be necessary to allow the effects of such factors to be considered in relation to consent. Organizations with a specific interest in children supported a change to the law which would take account of the particular vulnerability of children and the circumstances in which they can be exploited in order to commit sex offences. It was noted that alcohol can often be used by offenders to make it easier to commit an offence. However, it was also pointed out that alcohol is frequently consumed voluntarily by teenagers before engaging in consensual sex and that it was important that intoxication should not be the only factor taken into account when considering the capacity of those under 16 to consent as this could lead to inappropriate prosecutions. The opinion that the law did not need to be changed was most commonly held by members of the legal profession, the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. Some argued that the law had only been in force for a relatively brief period and that any meaningful assessment of the Acts provisions was therefore premature. Continual change, others argued, rather than bringing clarity, would only serve to cause furthe r confusion. Opponents of change argued, it would be wrong to seek to change the legislation simply because of the outcome of the case of R v Dougal. They took the view that the Sexual Offences Act 2003 had provided a welcome modification to the law on consent, which had improved the law because juries were now required to consider what steps the accused had taken to establish whether or not the complainant genuinely consented. Although there may now be a focus less on whether or not consent was given but rather on whether the complainant had the capacity to give consent, this did not challenge the adequacy of the law as it was currently framed. Those who did not consider that the law needed changing argued that it was already the case that a jury could ask themselves whether the complainant was in a fit state to give free and informed consent, especially if they had been drinking heavily. It was suggested by judicial respondents that R v Dougal had been an exceptional case and that in most similar cases juries have been properly directed that lack of capacity includes incapacity through excessive consumption of alcohol or drugs. There was concern for the broader implications of a change in the law. It was suggested that establishing a link between intoxication and a capacity to consent could result in, and according to some should entitle, a defendant to argue that he was too drunk to assess whether consent had been given. It was also argued that the effect of intoxication on a persons ability to make decisions could not be used as a defence to other offences, for example assault, and so should not be relevant to the capacity to consent in rape cases. However, it was also argued that these two situations were not analogous because victims were not on trial. Section 74 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 refers to freedom and capacity and argued that there was a distinction between these two concepts. It was argued that capacity to consent was relevant to ch ildren and individuals with mental disorders impeding choice but not to adults who had become intoxicated. It was suggested that equating adults with children in this way was a step backwards. Should there be a statutory definition of capacity This change in law by way of inclusion of a definition of capacity would bring a clarity to proceedings and ensure that juries would consider the complainants circumstances, including any effect that alcohol or other substances may have had on their ability and freedom to choose. Advocates of this definition consider that it is clear and easy to understand and would cover the circumstances where a complainant was so drunk but not unconscious as to not know what was happening or unable to say no. A number of those who supported a further evidential presumption based on alcohol consumption suggested that this might be the statutory definition of capacity that was needed. Most commonly, the evidential presumption that was proposed was the one that appeared in Setting the Boundaries. Such an evidential presumption, it was argued would allow the case to be put to the jury, even where the complainant could not remember whether she consented or not. It would, of course, remain open t o the defendant to say that the complainant did indeed consent and for the jury to believe him or, at least, give him the benefit of the doubt.